Цитата: Hellerick от 09 августа 2022, 05:52А вообще, я заметил, что современные англофоны уверены, что [ə] и [ʌ] — это один и тот же звук, просто в ударном и безударном вариантах. Даже не считают нужным пояснять такой очевидный для них момент.Да, при просмотре списка в начале темы я что-то прифигел - думаю, неужели кто-то все эти слова произносит с одним и тем же гласным, они ж явно разные. Как-то даже удивительно для англофонов-то, при их количестве и тонкости различения гласных - вдруг не различать настолько явно разные.
ЦитироватьTHE DH AH0
THE(1) DH AH1
THE(2) DH IY0
Цитата: Зритель от 09 августа 2022, 05:40Это и отсутствие швы в паре указывают на то, что они дали слово from в слабой форме, т.е. [frəm].
Цитата: Зритель от 09 августа 2022, 05:34Что означают цифры после гласных?
Цитата: Зритель от 09 августа 2022, 05:34Теперь понятно откуда у Вас взялся from [frʌm] - так написано в словаре Карнеги, а в Кембриджском [frɑm]. Поди разберись как они выговаривают.
ЦитироватьA Catalog of Spellings
The top spellings for phonemes and their percentages of the 17,000 most frequent words were investigated by Paul Hanna (see Hodges, R E. (1966). The case for teaching sound-to-letter correspondences in spelling. Elementary School Journal, 66, 327-336, and the update, Fry, E. (2004). Phonics: A large phoneme-grapheme frequency count revisited. Journal of Literacy Research, 36, 85-98). I will only include graphemes that account for at least 3% of the example words. For the reliability of phonics generalizations, see the chart below summarizing Francine Johnston's research.
Phoneme
Principal spellings in order of frequency (Hanna, Fry) and example words
/a/ a (sack), 97%; a_e (have), 3%
/A/ a (bacon), 45%; a_e (bake), 35%; ai (raid), 9%; ay (play), 6%
/Ar/ ar (parable), 29%; are (bare), 23%; air (fair), 21%; ere (there), 15%; ear (bear), 6%
/ar/ ar (bar), 89%; are (are), 5%; ear (heart), 3%
/aw/ o (lost), 41%; a (ball), 22%; au (haul), 19%; aw (saw) 10%
/b/ b (big), 97%
/ch/ ch (chair), 55%, t (feature), 31%; tch (catch), 11%
/d/ d (do), 98%
/u/ (schwa) o (other), 24%; u (up), 20%; a (alarm), 19%; i (panic), 18%; e (enough), 11%; ou (famous), 5%
/e/ e (bed), 91%; ea (bread) 4%
/E/ y (very), 41%; e (beware), 40%; ee (feet), 6%; ea (seat), 6%
/Er/ er (experience), 32%; ear (fear), 25%; eer (deer), 18%; e_e (here), 14%; ier (tier), 7%
/ul/ le (table), 95%
/er/ er (hammer), 77%; or (odor), 12%; ar (cellar), 8%
/f/ f (fox), 78%; ph (phone), 12%; ff (stuff), 9%
/g/ g (girl), 88%; gg (egg), 5%; x (exit), 3%
/h/ h (hot), 98%
/hw/ wh (white), 100%
/i/ i (hit), 92%; i-e (give), 6% [y (gym), 2%]
/I/ i_e (pipe), 37%; i (Bible), 37%; y (by), 14%; igh (right), 6%
/j/ ge (age), 66%; j (jet), 22%; dge (edge), 5%; d (soldier), 3%
/k/ c (car), 73%; k (kit), 13%; ck (sick), 6%; ch (choir), 3%
/ks/ x (six), 90%; cs (tocsin), 10%
/kw/ qu (quit), 97%
/l/ l (leg), 91%; ll (tell), 9%
/m/ m (mad), 94%; mm (dimmer), 4%
/n/ n (no), 97% [kn (know)<1%]
/ng/ ng (sing), 59%; n (monkey), 41%
/o/ o (hot), 94%; a (want), 5%
/O/ o (focus), 73%; o_e (hope), 14%; oa (boat), 5%; ow (row), 5%
/oi/ oi (oil), 62%; oy (toy), 32%
/oo/ u (bush), 61%; oo (hook), 35%; o (woman), 5%
/Or/ or (for), 97%; ore (core), 3%
/ow/ ou (shout), 56%; ow (howl), 29%; ou_e (house), 13%
/p/ p (pin), 96%, pp (happen), 4%
/r/ r (run), 97%
/s/ s (say), 73%, c (cereal), 17%; ss (toss), 7%
/sh/ ti (action), 53%; sh (shy), 26%; ci (special), 5%; ssi (fission), 3%
/t/ t (top), 97%
/th/ th (bath) 100%
/u/ u (bus) 86%; o (ton), 8%
/U/ or /OO/ u (human), 59%; u_e (use), 19%; oo (moon), 11%; ew (few) 4%
/v/ v (very), 99.5%
/w/ w (way), 92%; u (suede), 7.5%
/y/ i (onion), 55%; y (yes), 44%
/z/ s (was), 64%; z (zero), 23%; es (flies), 4%, x (xylophone), 4%
/zh/ si (incision), 49%; s (pleasure), 33%; g (garage), 15%
The frequency of spelling patterns is a matter of scientific discovery. Much of what I learned from Hanna's study surprised me, e.g., that s is the most common spelling of /z/. We don't want to burden children and teachers with rare spellings, nor do we want to omit common ones.
How reliably do vowel spellings represent phonemes?
Evidence from Johnston's study of the 3000 most common words
From Johnston, F. P. (2001). The utility of phonic generalizations: Let's take another look at Clymer's conclusions. The Reading Teacher, 55, 132-143.
Correspondence
Phoneme, example word, and percent of reliability in common words
a_e /A/ (cake) 78%
ai /A/ (rain) 75%
ay /A/ (play) 96%
e_e /E/ (these) 17%
ee /E/ (feet) 96%
ea /E/ (seat) 64%; /e/ (head) 17%
ei /A/ (rein) 50%; /E/ (either) 25%
ey /E/ (monkey) 77%
ie /E/ (field) 49%; /I/ (tied) 27%
i_e /I/ (five) 74%
o_e /O/ (stove) 58%
oa /O/ (coat) 95%
ow /O/ (snow) 68%; /ow/ (how) 32%
oe /O/ (toe) 44%; /OO/ (shoe) 33%; /u/ (does) 22% [only 9 words in sample]
ou /ow/ (out) 43%; /u/ (touch) 18%; /U/ (your) 7%
u_e /OO/ or /U/ (rule, refuse) 77%
oo /OO/ (boot) 50%; /oo/ (book) 40%
ew /OO/ (blew) 88%; /U/ (few) 19% [some overlap, e.g., new]
ui /i/ (build) 53%; /U/ (fruit) 24%
au /aw/ (cause) 79%
aw /aw/ (saw) 100%
oi /oy/ (join) 100%
oy /oy/ (boy) 100%
ia /E/a/ (piano) 54%; /u/ (Asia) 46%
y (unaccented syllable) /E/ (lucky) 100%